draft beer into bottle, then recapped...is this possible?

Yes. I do it all the time. You need one of two things. Google "we dont need no stinking beer gun" (i use this process) or blichmann beer gun.

 

I have only ever had one growler, but isn't this basically the same thing? My understanding is that growlers can hold the carbonation pretty well for a short period of time.

 

This!! Done this many many times including bottles that were submitted for competition.

 

I used to visit the pub on a Sunday lunchtime and take a pint home to eat with my roast.Usually the landlord would find an empty Scotch bottle for this.
Yes, some carbonation was lost but as the time scale was short it wasn't significant.If I ever wished to keep the beer longer I'd add some sugar to condition it , being live beer there was always enough yeast to ferment it.

 

Miller Genuine Draft...

 

yeah, as a couple of other people have said, you just need a beer gun (commercial or homemade). Really low PSI and just fill the bottle and cap it on foam. The bottle will last quite a while like that.

 

It's how DC Brau fills their bombers...or at least used to.